The Salient Feature of the Modern age.

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Name: Gohel Ankita Kishorbhai

Roll no: 12

Course: M.a Sem-3

Year:- 1216-17

Paper name: The Modernist literature

Professor’s name: Dr.Dilip Barad

Topic:  The Salient Feature of the modern age.

Submitted by: Department of English, M .K. Bhavnagar University.

                                                    

Introduction:- 

                     The litetature of modern   age is endless in subjects, infinite in forms, countless in thems, vast in topic, limitless in structure, and endless in types. To talk about  the  literary tendencies and characteristics  of the 20^th century is like the counting of the twinking stars, a never ending process. In the modern age, there “has been no dearth of poets and novelists, and dramatists who will stand the test of time and become a part of the immortal litetrary heritage of England.”

Mixture of Themes:

          Modern literature and in particularly modern poetry was written on almost all the subjects of the universes. The Modern Poet finds intspiration from railway trains, tramcars , telephone , and things of commonplance interest. We find literature on the themes of real life the world of religion mysticism and fairyland. The moods of the modern Poets are also diverse. The Modern poets do not belong to a single familiar album.

Variety in the field of poetry:

          We find  Arther  Symons  and  Oscar Wilde the realist poets, Rudyard Kipling and Wilfred Blunt the pessimist poets, Robert Bridges and W. B. Yeats, the transitional poets, John Masefield and John Drink Water the Georgian poets. Rupert Brook and kipling the soldier pets (Poetry of War 1914-1918), W. B. Yeats, T. S. Eliot and W. H. Auden the symbolist poets  and several other groups and the prominent poets in modern Age.

Diversity in the field of Prose:

          We find the eminent novelist like Dorothy Richardsin, Virginia Woolf James Joyce Graham Green, C. P. snow, George Orwell, Kingsley amis, George Moore, Samuel Butler, H. G. Wells, Joseph Conrad, J. B. Priestly, Somerset Maugham, Aldous Huxley, E. M. Foster, and the psychological novelist like D. h. Lawrence and several groups and the prominent novelist in Modern Age. The modern age is the age of novel. We also find the flow of Essay (E. V. Lucas), Biography, Autobiogtaphy, Literature of Travel (T. E. Lawrence), Historical Prose (H. A. Fisher), Scienitific Literature (H. G. Wells), and Pholosophical Literature (Bertrand Russell).

Variety in the field of Drama:

          We find the same zest and zeal in the in the field of drama in 20^th century as we find in the Elizabethan Age.  The prominent Writer who revived the comedy of manners in the 20^th century were G. B. Shaw and Oscar Wilde.

          We also find The dramatist of the Abbey Theatre like W. B. Yeats, J. M. synge and Sean O’cosey. There are  the dramatists of Historical drama  like John drink water and Edward Thomason  and the dramatist of Poetic Drama like Oscar Wilde, John Mansfield, W. B Yeats, T. S. Eliot Christopher Fry. We do have the dramatist of Expressionisic School and several other groups in Modern Age.

Ø THE SALIENT FEATURES OF THE  MODERN LITERATURE:

Humanitarian and Democratic Feeling:

          Modern Liteature is marked with a note of humanitarianism and democratic feeling. The modern dramatis, novelist, and the poets are interested in the life and the daily struggles of the people.

          Masfield, Gibson, Galsworthy are mainly interested in the common man and his sufferings. In their poetry there Is a note of sympathy. The modem poet is also interested in to treat everything sympathetically.

Realism:

          The realism is one of the most noteworthy characteristics of the 20^th century literature and in particular the poetry.

          The poetry of the 20^th century is marked with a note of realism. Realism in modern poetry was a reaction against the pseudo-romanticsm of the last century. Realism was there under the influence of science. The modern poet paints life with all its growth and ugliness. Robert Frost, W.W. Gibson, and John Masefieid are the poets of realism in modern poetry. The best expression of realism in modem poetry is found among the war poets.

Romantic Element in Modern Poetry:

          Inspite of the dominance of realism in modern poetry, the spirit of romance continues to wave the minds of ceatain poets like W.B. Yeats, john Masefleld, and Edward Thomas. Thround their work, we can feel that the spirit of romance is as old life itself.

Pessimistic Note in Modern Literature:

          Thre is a note of pessimism, disillusionment, distrust, disappointment, cynicism and disillusionment in modern literature and in particularly in the modern poetry.

          In modern literature, We find the pettiness of human life and the tragedy and suffering of the oppressed people. T.S.Eliot’s lines in THE HOLLOW Men are marked with a note of pessimism. “We are hollow men”

          The modern literature is bubbling with gloominess, despair, misery, desolation, hopelessness, anguish, depression, dejection, and hopelessness of the modern world.

Religion and Mysticism:

          The modern age is the age of science but even in his this scientific age we have poems written on the subject of religion and mysticism. Francis Thompson, Robert Graves, G.K. Chesterton, W.B.Yeats, and George Russell are the great poets whose poetry is burning with the flame of religion and mysticsm.

          Thompson’s   ‘Hounds of Heaven’ and ‘In strange Land’ are great poems of religion in modern poetry. In modern literature, we also find the supremacy of god and the feelings of religion.

The Treatment of love and Nature:

          Love is the subject of many modern lyrics and novels. Robert Bridges has produced fine sonnets of love in  The Growth of love. W.B.Yeats’s when you are old is a one of the most noteworthy love poems.

          In the poetry of John Masefied, We find a feeling of dejection in love.  The beauty of the beloved reminds John Masefield the decay of physical charms. His mind never seems to forget that.

                  

                   Death has a lodge in lips as cherry

                   Death has mansion in the yew  tree  berries.

Nature fascinates the modern port like the poets of the romatic age,

          The modern poetry is full of beautiful picture of birds, clouds, landscapes, sea and the countryside. Masefield and Robert Bridges are the great poets of Nature in modern poetry.

Psychological treatment in literature:

         

Some modern poets and novelists are interested in examining the inner working of the subconscious mind.

          Some of the poems of T.S.Eliot and Ezra pound are difficult to follow because of their psychological complexity and difficult imagery.

          In the same manner, The stream of consciousness novels  and the psychological novels of D. H. Lawrence are very difficult to understand because of their psychological treatment.

Longingness in Modern Literature:

          Longingness is at the root of modern literature. Modem poets express longingness of all kind in their poetry. Rupert Brooke’s Old vicarage is a cry of homesickness. John Masefield’s Seekers is the best example of the longing of man for God and the eternal city of light. The longingness is also evident in The Hollow men and The Waste Land of T. S. Eliot. The modern literature is an echo of the following lines of seekers.

Friend and lovers we have none, nor wealth nor                 blessed abode.

But the hope of the city of God at the other end of the road.

Not for us are content and quiet, and peace of mind

For we go seeking a city that we shall never find.

Conclusion:-

                  The literature of the modern age is shapeless but at the same very clear. It is true “criticism of modern life.”  As it is born out of the modern life the literature of the modern age is the reflection of modern life. It is realistic in tone.

         

         

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Psychological study of ' The Black skin and White mask'.

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Name: Gohel  Ankita  Kishorbhai

Roll no: 12

Course : M.a Sem-3

Year:- 1216-17

Paper name:  The Postcolonial Literature

Professor’s name: Dr.Dilip Barad

Topic: Psychological study of “The Black Skin and White Mask”.

Submitted by:Department of English, M .K. Bhavnagar University.

Introduction:-
                            

Ø About the author:-

                           Frantz Fanon was born in the French colony of Martinique on July 20, 1925. , Fanon left the colony in 1943, at the age of 18, to fight with the Free French forces in the waning days of World War II. After the war, he stayed in France to study psychiatry and medicine at university in Lyons. The theory which he gave this book is his own experience as a psychiatrist. He was a scholar psychiatrist, but being a black he was always known as a black thinker or Negro intelligent. He himself felt this kind of insult.

Ø    His idea in this book:

                        He gave several ideas in this book and at length he talks about the mentality of the black people. His basic idea is to understand the colour of the skin and the race. “Sometimes people hold a core belief that is very strong. When they are presented with evidence that works against that belief, the new evidence cannot be accepted. It would create a feeling that is extremely uncomfortable, called cognitive dissonance. And because it is so important to protect the core belief, they will rationalize, ignore and even deny anything that doesn't fit in with the core belief.”  (Chandler, 2007) This quotation is taken from his book. We can understand that if the people around you create an identity of yours then it will be very difficult for us to break it. And even if we try to break it with the new evidences then they will not allow us to come out from that. If we try to look at this idea with the racism then we can say that ‘Black’ is the identity created by the white. And though the black people tries to come out from this they will be not able to come out from this CONSTRUCTED identity, or rather we can say that they are not allow to do so.

“What does a man want?”

“What does the black man want?”

“The white man is sealed in his whiteness, the black man in his blackness.”
 If we tries to look at this ‘Blackness’ and ‘Whiteness’ as a concept then we come to know that there is always a men’s wish to be a white. If tries to see it from the psychological point of view that it is called as a ‘Desire’. Desire to be white and desire means you do not have that, it is lacking in you. When a black sees him he feels ‘State of Being’. State of being means when a Negro see, Negro sees the white face not the way they are. Means they try to find out the whiteness in them. Now this blackness or whiteness belongs to their skin colour and they wish to change it they can’t.

Ø Psychological study of black man:-

                               Here we see the mentality of the black people. In this novel we see that how skin colour is more impotant than a man. The people not satisfied what we have but they want much more in his life .After world war -2 the Black people marginalised from their place and they become inferior fellow of the white people .In this novel we see the skin colour marginalised from the society. Fanon talk about how the black man’s mentality has change  when he goes to a white world and behave like white man and  he adopt everything of the white man like their behaviour and their language etc.The black man come their community he feel himself as a superior from  other the black people and his behaviour totally change toward the other black people.

Ø Psychological study of white people:

                                    When we see the white man that how they see the black man has inferior of them and they looks ugly and behave like an animal .here we apply the master -slave mentality in this novel .the white people  like master of the black people and they consider black people as a  servant of them and so they getting stated to they are more educated and well behave person than the black people .

                                  Here we give the reference of the novel like ‘ The White Man Burden”. in this novel we see that how the white man knowingly and unknowingly harm the other peoples culture and their identity. They not give a respect to them but they feel hatred towards  them and they feel that they are burden of our society. They consider black people as  a inferior of them and they are hunger of the white man body  because they want to be a superior from he white people .

                          Here I give the example of the play like  “ The Tempest” Which is written by William Shakespeare. In  this play Prospero tries to save her daughter Miranda from Caliban who is a black slave. Prospero thinks that Caliban is hungry for his daughter and Miranda herself was also so much afraid by Caliban because of his look and color.  In this play we see that the caliban has marginalised from their place and he become slave of the Prospero. The Caliban wants to marry with the daughter of Prospero but his master not accept their because he is black slave of the master of prospero.  In Amie ideas and how Caliban has centre of the play and Shakespeare play ‘The Tempest’ in marginalized Caliban and he becomes black slave and rebels of Prospero. Here not fault of Caliban but fault of Prospero and how white men think about that black man are devils and evils it may be that their mind already accepted to evils are only black.

Ø Psychological study of black women:

                             Fanon as a psychiatrist he studied black women case named Mayotte. She wish to marry to the white people because she highly  attracted towards the white people and she want status in the white world .she also  aware about the fact that she is a black women and she cannot marry with the white man. Here we see the problem of the ‘’ Desire “.Every women wanted to be  a white  women and she was behaving like them ( The White Women).she also aware about the fact that the society will not accept their marriage.

                     

           Civilization is based on two ideas: 1) Incest Taboos and 2) Kinship Rituals. Here I would to talk about only Incest Taboos. Incest Taboos are created to avoid some situations, situation like mingling of the race, or blood.we can not stop that kind of Tabbo by the Law because its prevailing all over in the world.we can not stop someone’s DESIRE. We see that how that the black women desire to marry to the white man and  breaking the rule which is made by a society.here we see that how the idea of ‘’desire” has loose their identity.

                            I give the example of the novel “ The Biust Eye” which is written by Toni Morrison.she was also a black women and she also give iea that how someone desire destroyed their life in this novel the Pecola Breedlove is protagonist and she  highly attracted with  the bluest eyes of the whiteman.  So she wanted to be marry with the white man because  the white people never give the respect of the black people  and her mother also wanted to be that her child also looks white like a white people.so in this novel we see that pecola has need love some from thire parent but her mother highly attracted towards the white women . so she will not give much impotant to thire daughter but she give much impotant to the white girl where she was woring as a sevants.so the pecola will waiting for the white man has  come and   marry with her and  her problems will sloved.    

              

Ø Psychological study of Black skin White masks:

                           

                    Here I also would like to mention Mulatto also known as Creole. They are the child of mixed race. Fanon studies their mindset also. How they are humiliated and abused in the society. He says that their condition is worse than the black people. They feel superior to the black people but they are also afraid again being black. As I above said that when a black man visits the white world, the black man’s world changes totally.

                              Here Fanon says that a black man has two dimensions one with his fellows, the other with the white man. When the black master the white men’s language he behaves differently with another black person. In the white men’s world he tries to be a white means black skin, white mask. He tries to put the white mask on his black skin.

Ø Conclusion:

                          Fanon resists many questions but he also tries to give answers to those questions also. He says that black skin or white skin is something which if the fellow wants to change then also he can’t change. And that is why Fanon says that, know your lack, face your limitation and be happy with your being. He says that it is social problem that is why white people can’t be happy with whiteness and black people with blackness. Rather becoming upset with whiteness or blackness celebrates yourself as you are.

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My Presentation Sem ;-2

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 1) Paper :- The Romentic Literature
      Topic:-  Analysis Ode to Grecian Urn.
  

Analysis Ode to Grecian Urn. from Ankita Gohel

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2) Paper :- 6 The Victorian Literature
    Topic :- The Oxford Movement

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The Oxford Movement from Ankita Gohel

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3) Paper :- The Literary Theroy and Criticism
    Topic :-  The Term of ''Diaspora ."

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The Term of " Diaspora ". from Ankita Gohel

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4) Paper :- The Cultural Studies
    Topic :- Everyday life is Hybrid Local and Global, 
                     Homogeneous and hetrogeneous.
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Eyeryday life is a hybrid the Local and Global, Homogeneous and Hetrogeneous. from Ankita Gohel

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The Major Writer of victorian age.

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Name: -   Gohel    Ankita     Kishorbhai     

Rollno: - 12

PaperName: - The Victorian   Literature

Topic: - The Major writer of Victorian age        Guide: - Dilipsir Barad   

Submitted: - smt.  Gardi m.k   Bhavanagar,   Department    of   English

Year: - 2015-2017
                          

Introduction:-

                  The uniqueness of the individuality it was typical trait of victorian literature . The writer of this age work of gifted with stryking originality in out look mythod ,style, view, point, character and temperament.

              Tennyson loved the admiration of strong indepadents  Chales Dicken was one of the this most original written and profound, novelist of the age Bronte sister  talk about lonelyness in life.Thomas charlye and Robert Browing colletiveted the manner of striangness in writing William Thackery loved to following hazared path in the conduct of his stories.

                       The  Victorian age was remarkable age and is hight lighted the raise of novel and process writing novel and prose writting in particular all the novelist were busy in writing novels and prose based and realism and romentisim took a back seat the n ovel were written and publish in  plenty all the novelist like Dicken ,Thomas hardy,William morris and George eliot were wonderfull novelist and there novels maid a mark in the society by reflecting by realism.

                         The  victorian way of writing  both in prose and poetry had moral purpose behind it.Robert browing, Ruskin ,Tennyson and his writing and presenting the subject was  ful of moral attitude and the motive of behind of this kind of literature  was to make there follow countrymen idealism nature.

                      The victorian era many writer write realistic  kind of writing and his writing become  popular of those days.The  literature of this kind was and out look towards the socio- political problems during that time . The imagination well also constructed  under the infiunced of ssproblems preveling during that period .Romentic literature was not that popular as people work interested in realistic from of writing. Literature was used as a tool a order to aggrevate social reform.They  being against materialism , materialistic ,philosophy and materialistic friend  and this kind of writings was made popular by Rosstti and William morris.The writer of this age work against classim.The writer like Browning and  Tennyson  were a few romantic in this era of realistic writing.They subscribed the idea of romanticism  in victorian era.

 The major poets of victorian age:-

1)             Alfred Tennyson

2)            Robert browning

1)            Tennyson :-

                     Tennyson remains one of the most popular poets in english language. He is the ninth most frauently quoted writer in the oxford dictionary of quotations.

                       Tennyson used awide range of subject matter,ranging from medieval legends to classical myths and from domentic situation to observations of nature as source material for his poetry.He handled rhythm masterfully. The insistent beat

“ Break ,Break ,Break”

Emphasis the relentless sadness of the subject matter.

 The language of

“ I Come from haunt of coot and horn”

Lites and ripple like the brook in the poem victorian point’s and novelist this age had extreme dominance prose writing in this age. The writer saw problem of own society and that’s reflect on his writing.

His poem like

‘ In the valley of cauteretz”

‘ Break ,Break,Break”

                        ‘The change of the light brigade

“ Crossing the Bar”

              Much of his verse was based on classical mythological themes such as “ Ulysses” and Tennyson also write some notable blank verse including

“ Idylls of the king”

“ Ulysses”

“ Tithonus”

So, Tennyson is great writer.

2)            Robert Browning:-

                      He was an english poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially him one of the foremort victorian poets and the last two lines of

          “Come down o’ maid from yonder mountain Height”

Illustaratedhis telling combination of onomatopoeia,alliteration and assonanace.

“ The moan of doves in immemorial elms and murmuring of innumerable bees”

Tennnyson possessed the strongest poetic power,he put great length into many works in 1855,Tennyson  produced one of his best known works.

“ The change of the light brigade”

                         By Twelve, Browning had written book of poetry which he later destroyed when no publisher coulg be found. He was educated at home by tutor Via. The resoureces of his father liberary.He become a great admire of the romentic poet aspecially shelly.

                    Browning was encouraging enough to try again, going on to write eight plays in including.

“ Pippa  passes”

“ A Soul’s Tragedy”

 His troubled production of

“ A Blot on the scutcheon”

      Was following by the publication of experimenatel and [political ,radical long poem.

              In 1868, after five years work.he completed and published the long blake verse poem.

“ The Ring and the book”

Browing produced the major work of his later years.He often known by some of his short poems.

“ Rabbi Ben Ezra

“Evelyn Hope”

“ The pied piper of Hamelin”

“ A Grammarian’s Funeral”

“ A Death in the Desert”           

Browning ‘s  fame today rests mainly on his drameticmonologuaes.and his modern sensiblity.        

           The  major novelist of victorian age:-

1)           Charles Dicken:-

2)            William Makepeace Thackeray :-        

1)           Charles Dicken:-

He was an English novelist, generally considered the greatest victorian period. Dickens enjoyed a writer popularity and fame than had any previous author during his lifetime.

                   Many of his writing were originally published serial in monthly installment.Aformate of publication which dicken himself helped popularise.

Dicken’s work has been highly praised for its realism, comedy, mastery of prose, unique personalities and concern social reform by writer such as Leo Tolstoy, George Orwall.His writing style is florid and poetic with a stornge comic touch.

                 The most autobiographical novel of davidcopperfield:-

“I had no advice,

         No councel, no encouragement

         No consolation, no assistance,

         No support of any kind from

Anyone that I can call to mind,

As I hope to go to heaven!”

His works like:-

1)‘ Bleak house”

2)“ Hard Time”

3)“ little Dorrit”

4)“A Tale of two cities”

5)“ All the year Round”

6) “ oliver Twist”

7) “ David copperfield”

2)          Willam Makepeace Thackeray:-

          He was an English novelist of 18^thcentury.He was famous for his satirical works, particularly Vanity Fair, a panoramic portrait of English society.

             He primarly worked Fraser’s magazines. In the early 1840, Thackeray had some success with two boks.

“The Paris Sketch Book”

“The Irish Sketch Book”

On reaching the age of 21. He came into his inheritance but he squandered much of it on gambling and by funding two unsuccesfullnewspapers.He also lost a good part of his fortune in the collapse of two Indian banks.

Thakeray also gave lectures in London on englishhumourists of the eighteenth century.

His work:-

1) “Cathrine”

2) “The Luck of Barry London”

3) “The Book of Snob”

4)” Vanity Fair”

5) “Mens Wives”

6) “The Rose and the Rings”

Conclusion:-

           Thus the age shows many hopes and ideals and makes way realize them and during this age many changes like social reform, population, education, and industrials etc.

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